Posts Tagged ‘c++ 2d vector graphics’
c++ antialiased circle algorithm
i released a very minimal c++ win32 graphics&audio source on the software page at xoxos.net a few days ago with an antialiased line algorithm. i’d read about the wu line and seen the results and decided to do it my way first.. i use more than 2 pixels and a nonlinearity for the edge which is smoother than wu. it looks keen and it’s homemade.. only “feature” is a slight shift when switching from NWN to NWW directions, likely because i didn’t add 0.5 when converting to INT, which is a task for another day as it looks nice otherwise.
got to circles, my method inherits some of the methods i used for lines. this is pretty much a/the brute force algorithm as a sqrt() is performed for every pixel, and an additional sqrt() for every row. the benefit of this is that subpixel centers may be assigned so it can’t be optimised by symmetry.
my antialiasing uses a margin scaling coefficient, eg. once the distance between a pixel and a circle/line is resolved, this distance is then scaled before antialiasing is conducted.. which softens the boundary, or makes it more steppy if the coefficient increases the relative distance… 0.75 looks real nice to me along with the nonlinearity. the distance this affects in pixels is of course the inverse 1/margin, or 1.33 pixels if using 0.75.
circle basics:
radius = sqrt(x*x + y*y) and so y = sqrt(radius*radius – x*x)
my technique is pretty simple – compute an outside circle and an inside circle which are larger/smaller by the inverse margin coefficient (eg. radius +/- 1.33), thereby reducing the amount of pixels that need to be run.
much of the length of this script is actually reading the preexistent pixel colour. once you get the idea, it’s probably easier to write it yourself than untangle my code.
as you may guess, reducing margin to 0.25 fades/blurs graphics by 4 pixels.. 0.001 by 1000 pixels and so forth.. and, once you get the idea, you can easily modify this technique to give the circle thickness. like the line algorithm, i am suggesting that this method be known as the pothead antialiased circle algorithm.
soz for the mess, i am not 1337 wordpresser, code tags put the whole lot on one line..
void circleaa(point2 param, float radius, int bgrr, int bgrg, int bgrb) {
if (radius <= 0.f) return;
short int bgb, bgg, bgr;
float radiuso = radius + margini; // outside radius
float radiusi = radius – margini;
float radiusi2 = radiusi * radiusi;
float radiuso2 = radiuso * radiuso;
int cxi = floor(param.x); // center int
int cyi = floor(param.y);
float cxd = param.x – cxi;
float cyd = param.y – cyi;
o = radiuso + margini;
int lowm = floor(-o); int highm = o;
for (int dox = lowm; dox <= highm; dox++) {
int pixx = cxi + dox;
if (pixx > -1 && pixx < dispx) {
float dx = dox – cxd; dx *= dx;
float boy = radiuso2 – dx;
if (boy > 0) {
boy = sqrt(boy);
int lowy = floor(-boy); int highy = boy; highy += 2;
float biy = radiusi2 – dx;
if (biy > 0) {
biy = sqrt(biy);
int lowi = floor(-biy); int highi = biy; lowi += 2;
for (int doy = lowy; doy < lowi; doy++) {
int pixy = cyi + doy;
if (pixy > -1 && pixy < dispy) {
float dy = doy – cyd;
dy = sqrt(dx + dy * dy);
dy -= radius; if (dy < 0) dy = -dy; dy = 1.f – dy * margin;
if (dy > 0) {
dy *= pih; dy = dy – dy * dy * dy * 0.1472725f; float dy0 = 1.f – dy;
int dopix = (doy + cyi) * dispx + dox + cxi;
bgb = (byte)framebuf[dopix];
bgg = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>8);
bgr = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>16);
o = bgrb * dy + bgb * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgb = (int)o : bgb = 255;
o = bgrg * dy + bgg * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgg = (int)o : bgg = 255;
o = bgrr * dy + bgr * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgr = (int)o : bgr = 255;
*(framebuf + dopix) = RGB(bgb,bgg,bgr);
} } }
for (int doy = highi; doy < highy; doy++) {
int pixy = cyi + doy;
if (pixy > -1 && pixy < dispy) {
float dy = doy – cyd;
dy = sqrt(dx + dy * dy);
dy -= radius; if (dy < 0) dy = -dy; dy = 1.f – dy * margin;
if (dy > 0) {
dy *= pih; dy = dy – dy * dy * dy * 0.1472725f; float dy0 = 1.f – dy;
int dopix = (doy + cyi) * dispx + dox + cxi;
bgb = (byte)framebuf[dopix];
bgg = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>8);
bgr = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>16);
o = bgrb * dy + bgb * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgb = (int)o : bgb = 255;
o = bgrg * dy + bgg * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgg = (int)o : bgg = 255;
o = bgrr * dy + bgr * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgr = (int)o : bgr = 255;
*(framebuf + dopix) = RGB(bgb,bgg,bgr);
} } } }
else {
for (int doy = lowy; doy < highy; doy++) {
int pixy = cyi + doy;
if (pixy > -1 && pixy < dispy) {
float dy = doy – cyd;
dy = sqrt(dx + dy * dy);
dy -= radius; if (dy < 0) dy = -dy; dy = 1.f – dy * margin;
if (dy > 0) {
dy *= pih; dy = dy – dy * dy * dy * 0.1472725f; float dy0 = 1.f – dy;
int dopix = (doy + cyi) * dispx + dox + cxi;
bgb = (byte)framebuf[dopix];
bgg = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>8);
bgr = (byte)(framebuf[dopix]>>16);
o = bgrb * dy + bgb * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgb = (int)o : bgb = 255;
o = bgrg * dy + bgg * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgg = (int)o : bgg = 255;
o = bgrr * dy + bgr * dy0; o < 255.f ? bgr = (int)o : bgr = 255;
*(framebuf + dopix) = RGB(bgb,bgg,bgr);
} } } } } } } }
fast 2d polygon rotation
i’m fairly new at 2d vector graphics but haven’t seen this mentioned. the naive approach would be to rotate each vector using brute force..
newx = x * cos(angle) – y * sin(angle);
newy = x * sin(angle) + y * cos(angle);
given vector [x,y] you can define four ‘cardinal’ vectors by inverting and swapping the coefficients, eg. the two normals [-y,x] and [y,-x] and the inverse[-x,-y]. a cheaper method than rotating each point would be to rotate one point (say a unit vector), and map the polygon out using a cartesian grid. the four cardinal axes can be extended into space using vector scaling, vector addition and so forth.. eg. 135 degrees off the rotated vector can be achieved by summing a normal and the inverse, then scaling to 0.7071..
using a few such operations, perhaps with linear interpolation, and planning the polygons ahead of time with easily derived positions on a cartesian grid means that points after the first will require addition and multiplication instead of sine and cosine.
xoxosvst 